The short version of Thymalfasin fits in a sentence. The long version — which is the one that helps — is below.
This page was last updated on 2026-03-29 and is reviewed periodically as new material appears.
临床研究将Tα1用于慢性病毒感染、肿瘤辅助治疗和疫苗佐剂等场景。部分试验报告了免疫学指标改善，但临床终点获益在不同研究中并不一致。系统综述指出，研究间在人群、剂量和联合方案上差异较大，难以汇总结论。因此，Tα1的确切临床地位仍属开放问题，需要更多高质量随机对照试验来澄清。其机制研究也需从体外实验向体内模型推进。
胸腺素α1对免疫系统的影响涉及多种细胞类型。研究表明，它可促进未成熟T细胞向成熟T细胞分化，并增强T细胞对抗原刺激的增殖反应。树突状细胞在Tα1存在下表达更高水平的共刺激分子，从而更有效地呈递抗原。此外，自然杀伤细胞的活性也观察到上升。这些效应并非直接杀伤病原体，而是调节宿主免疫应答的强度与方向。
在信号层面，Tα1可能通过Toll样受体等模式识别受体发挥作用。部分实验显示，它能激活髓样分化因子88依赖的通路，进而促进核因子κB进入细胞核。这导致白细胞介素2、干扰素γ和白细胞介素12等细胞因子的转录增加。这些细胞因子偏向辅助性T细胞1型应答，有助于细胞免疫。然而，具体受体和结合位点尚未完全确定，不同实验模型的结果存在差异。
The peptide was identified during work in the 1970s on thymosin fraction 5, a partially purified extract of calf thymus. Investigators separated that mixture and characterized individual components, one of which they named thymosin alpha-1. The same compound later received the international nonproprietary name thymalfasin. Commercial material is produced by solid-phase peptide synthesis rather than by extraction, so synthetic and natural forms share an identical sequence. Naming conventions vary across the literature, and readers should distinguish the alpha-1 peptide from other thymosins that have unrelated sequences and functions.
Thymosin beta-4 is a separate 43-residue peptide that binds actin and participates in cell migration; it shares no sequence similarity with thymosin alpha-1 despite the common family name. Other preparative materials, such as thymosin fraction 5 and thymopoietin, contain distinct mixtures or peptides. The shared thymosin label reflects the tissue of origin used in early purification, not a common structural core. Treating these molecules as interchangeable is a frequent source of confusion in laboratory reports and in popular summaries alike.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| 主要靶细胞 | T细胞、树突状细胞 | 也影响NK细胞 |
| 信号通路 | TLR/MyD88/NF-κB | 部分实验模型 |
| 细胞因子偏向 | Th1型 | 增加IL-2、IFN-γ |
| 给药途径 | 皮下注射 | 临床常用 |
| 半衰期 | 约2小时 | 血浆中较短 |
In his public letter of resignation, he cited his reasons as being the lack of "the possibility of fulfilling, with the necessary total transparency, autonomy, and freedom, what Cuban Masonic legislation defines as required to carry out this responsibility." Alfonso Vidal said that the Grand Lodge was in the practice of "distorting Masonic Law." He also noted that because he had signed Decree 634, it was virtually impossible for him to have abandoned his post. He wrote that he was aware that he had been wrongfully terminated through an Extraordinary Session of the Supreme Court of Masonic Justice, and that those who signed his tacit resignation were being ordered to do so by the State Security Unit. He lamented the nature of the "...political gangsterism that works in the Grand Lodge of Cuba." Alfonso Vidal wrote that: "Cuban Masons have the right to know that our institution is under one of the greatest attacks it has received since January 1, 1959." He called back on the events surrounding the case of Grand Commander Viñas Alonso, and the letter that Viñas Alonso had sent to President Díaz-Canel. He said that the situation since Díaz-Canel had sent the State Security Unit after Viñas Alonso, the situation in Cuban Freemasonry had become increasingly difficult to operate within as an ethical and moral Grand Master. He could not fulfill his obligations as Grand Master for the fear of what actions the Cuban state might take against him. He also urged Cuban Freemasons to reject anyone from the Cuban intelligence community to ever again gain high office in the Grand Lodge.
=== Canada === In Canada, Canadian medical graduates (CMGs), which includes final-year medical students and unmatched previous-year medical graduates, apply for residency positions via the Canadian Resident Matching Service (CaRMS). The first year of residency training is known as "Postgraduate Year 1" (PGY1). CMGs can apply to many post-graduate medical training programs including family medicine, emergency medicine, internal medicine, pediatrics, general surgery, obstetrics-gynecology, neurology, and psychiatry, amongst others. Some residency programs are direct-entry (family medicine, dermatology, neurology, general surgery, etc.), meaning that CMGs applying to these specialties do so directly from medical school. Other residencies have sub-specialty matches (internal medicine and pediatrics) where residents complete their first 2–3 years before completing a secondary match (Medicine subspecialty match (MSM) or Pediatric subspecialty match (PSM)). After this secondary match has been completed, residents are referred to as fellows. Some areas of subspecialty matches include cardiology, nephrology, gastroenterology, immunology, respirology, infectious diseases, rheumatology, endocrinology and more. Direct-entry specialties also have fellowships, but they are completed at the end of residency (typically 5 years).
== Nomenclature and terminology == The nomenclature of the metal carbonyls depends on the charge of the complex, the number and type of central atoms, and the number and type of ligands and their binding modes. They occur as neutral complexes, as positively-charged metal carbonyl cations or as negatively charged metal carbonylates. The carbon monoxide ligand may be bound terminally to a single metal atom or bridging to two or more metal atoms. These complexes may be homoleptic, containing only CO ligands, such as nickel tetracarbonyl (Ni(CO)4), but more commonly metal carbonyls are heteroleptic and contain a mixture of ligands. Mononuclear metal carbonyls contain only one metal atom as the central atom. Except vanadium hexacarbonyl, only metals with even atomic number, such as chromium, iron, nickel, and their homologs, build neutral mononuclear complexes. Polynuclear metal carbonyls are formed from metals with odd atomic numbers and contain a metal–metal bond. Complexes with different metals but only one type of ligand are called isoleptic. Carbon monoxide has distinct binding modes in metal carbonyls. They differ in terms of their hapticity, denoted η, and their bridging mode. In η2-CO complexes, both the carbon and oxygen are bonded to the metal. More commonly only carbon is bonded, in which case the hapticity is not mentioned. The carbonyl ligand engages in a wide range of bonding modes in metal carbonyl dimers and clusters. In the most common bridging mode, denoted μ2 or simply μ, the CO ligand bridges a pair of metals.
== Function == The coenzyme NAD and its derivatives are involved in hundreds of metabolic redox reactions and are utilized in protein ADP-ribosylation, histone deacetylation, and in some Ca2+ signaling pathways. NMNAT (EC 2.7.7.1) is a central enzyme in NAD biosynthesis, catalyzing the condensation of nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) or nicotinic acid mononucleotide (NaMN) with the AMP moiety of ATP to form NAD or NaAD. NMNAT1 is the most widely expressed of three orthologous genes with nicotinamide-nucleotide adenylyltransferase (NMNAT) activity. Genetically engineered mice lacking NMNAT1 die during early embryogenesis, indicating a critical role of this gene in organismal viability. In contrast, mice lacking NMNAT2, which is expressed predominantly in neural tissues, complete development but die shortly after birth. However, NMNAT1 is dispensable for cell viability, as homozygous deletion of this gene occurs in glioblastoma tumors and cell lines. Other tumors such as osteosarcoma, however, increase the expression of NMNAT1 upon exposure to DNA damaging agents and inactivation of the nmnat1 gene renders these cells more sensitive to chemotherapy with cisplatin. This latter effect involves lowered nuclear NAD levels in NMNAT1 knockout cells and impaired DNA damage sensing by the NAD-dependent DNA break responsive enzyme poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP1).
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
The fruit of blackcurrants when eaten raw has a strong, tart flavour. It can be made into jams and jellies which set readily because of the fruit's high content of pectin and acid. For culinary use, the fruit is usually cooked with sugar to produce a purée, which can then be passed through muslin to separate the juice. The purée can be used to make blackcurrant preserves and be included in cheesecakes, yogurt, ice cream, desserts, sorbets, and many other sweet dishes. The exceptionally strong flavour can be moderated by combining it with other fruits, such as raspberries and strawberries in summer pudding, or apples in crumbles and pies. The juice can be used in syrups and cordials. Blackcurrants are a common ingredient of rødgrød, a popular kissel-like dessert in North German and Danish cuisines. Blackcurrants are also used in savoury cooking. Their astringency creates added flavour in sauces, meats and other dishes. Blackcurrants are included in some unusual combinations of foods. They can be added to tomato and mint to make a salad. Blackcurrants may accompany roast beef, grilled lamb, duck, seafood and shellfish. Canvasback duck with blackcurrants was a delicacy in nineteenth century New York. They can provide a dipping sauce at barbecues. They can be blended with mayonnaise, and used to invigorate bananas and other tropical fruits. Blackcurrants can be combined with dark chocolate or added to mincemeat in traditional mince pies at Christmas.
==== Epidermis ==== The stratum corneum is the outermost layer of the epidermis. It is composed of terminally differentiated and enucleated corneocytes that reside within a lipid matrix, like "bricks and mortar." Together with ceramides and free fatty acids, cholesterol forms the lipid mortar, a water-impermeable barrier that prevents evaporative water loss. As a rule of thumb, the epidermal lipid matrix is composed of an equimolar mixture of ceramides (≈50% by weight), cholesterol (≈25% by weight), and free fatty acids (≈15% by weight), with smaller quantities of other lipids also present. Cholesterol sulfate reaches its highest concentration in the granular layer of the epidermis. Steroid sulfate sulfatase then decreases its concentration in the stratum corneum, the outermost layer of the epidermis. The relative abundance of cholesterol sulfate in the epidermis varies across different body sites with the heel of the foot having the lowest concentration.
In April 2023, following an investigation by Maryland Attorney General Brian Frosh into child sexual abuse in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Baltimore, Attorney General Anthony Brown released a 463-page report accusing the archdiocese of covering up more than 600 cases of child sexual abuse against 156 Catholic priests over 60 years. A week later, Moore signed the Maryland Child Victims Act, which eliminates the statute of limitations on child sexual abuse lawsuits. In April 2025, after state fiscal analysts warned that settling lawsuits involving allegations of sexual abuse against state agencies could cost the state hundreds of millions, if not billions, of dollars, Moore signed into law a bill that lowered the amount of money survivors could win in court. In May 2024, Moore signed into law a bill to ban the sale of speculative tickets and require ticket vendors to provide consumers with the full price of the ticket—including taxes and fees—and refunds if the ticket is counterfeit or if the event is canceled. In May 2025, Moore signed into law a bill establishing the Department of Social and Economic Mobility, a cabinet-level agency to oversee social equity efforts in state government. In October 2025, after a 16-year-old girl committed suicide while under supervision of the state's foster care system and a state audit found 280 instances of children in foster care being placed in hotels, Moore called for reforms to the state's foster care system. He also blamed his predecessor, Larry Hogan, for problems at the Maryland Department of Human Services.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Naltrexone/bupropion, sold under the brand name Contrave among others, is a fixed-dose combination medication for the management of chronic obesity in adults in combination with a reduced-calorie diet and increased physical activity. It contains naltrexone, an opioid antagonist, and bupropion, an aminoketone atypical antidepressant. It is taken by mouth. Both component medications have individually demonstrated some evidence of effectiveness in promoting weight loss, and the combination has been shown to produce some synergistic effects on weight. In September 2014, a sustained release formulation of the drug was approved for marketing in the United States under the brand name Contrave. The combination, sold under the brand name Mysimba, was subsequently approved by the European Medicines Agency for medical use in the European Union in the spring of 2015. It was approved in Canada under the Contrave brand name in 2018.
Cells are one of the main components for the success of tissue engineering approaches. Tissue engineering uses cells as strategies for creation/replacement of new tissue. Examples include fibroblasts used for skin repair or renewal, chondrocytes used for cartilage repair (MACI–FDA approved product), and hepatocytes used in liver support systems. Cells can be used alone or with support matrices for tissue engineering applications. An adequate environment for promoting cell growth, differentiation, and integration with the existing tissue is a critical factor for cell-based building blocks. Manipulation of any of these cell processes create alternative avenues for the development of new tissue (e.g., cell reprogramming - somatic cells, vascularization).
Astrochicken is the name given to a thought experiment Dyson expounded in his book Disturbing the Universe (1979). He contemplated how humanity could build a small, self-replicating automaton that could explore space more efficiently than a crewed craft could. He attributed the general idea to John von Neumann, based on a lecture von Neumann gave in 1948 titled The General and Logical Theory of Automata. Dyson expanded on von Neumann's automata theories and added a biological component.
==== Handwritten notes ==== Police searches of Letby's home and her handbag recovered several handwritten notes containing statements including "I killed them on purpose because I'm not good enough to care for them", "I am evil I did this", but also phrases such as "I haven't done anything wrong". The prosecution characterised some of the phrases as incriminating, while the defence said they reflected emotional turmoil during employment disputes and the stress of being removed from clinical duties. Letby denied that the notes were a confession. Some criminology experts have since questioned the prosecution's interpretation, and The Guardian, relying on "sources close to the case", reported that the notes had been written on her GP's advice as a coping mechanism. The suggestion that writing the notes had been advised as part of counselling was not mentioned by Letby's appeal application.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
它促进未成熟T细胞分化并增强成熟T细胞的增殖与细胞因子分泌。这些作用有助于放大抗原特异性免疫应答。
目前认为它可能通过Toll样受体等模式识别受体传递信号，但精确的受体身份和结合机制尚未完全阐明。
不同试验在患者选择、给药方案、联合治疗和终点定义上差异很大。这些异质性使得跨研究比较困难，结论难以统一。
It is a 28-residue synthetic peptide studied as an immune-modulating agent and approved as a drug in some countries. The sequence matches a naturally occurring fragment isolated from thymus tissue. It is not a hormone in the endocrine sense.